What the Dry Ablution May Be Performed With: Earth and What Lies on Its Surface

F101Chapter of Dry Ablution (Tayammum)

What the Dry Ablution May Be Performed With: Earth and What Lies on Its Surface

Must the dry ablution be with earth that carries dust, or is it valid with anything of the earth's kind, such as sand and stone?

Hanafi

The dry ablution is valid with anything pure of the earth's kind — earth, sand, stone, gypsum — whether it carries dust or not.

Reference: Al-Hidāyah — Radd al-Muḥtār — Tabyīn al-Ḥaqāʾiq

Maliki

The dry ablution is valid with anything lying on the surface of the earth that is of its kind and unaltered by manufacture — earth, sand, gravel, stones — and dust is not required.

Reference: Al-Mudawwanah — Al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr — Mawāhib al-Jalīl

Shāfiʿī

The dry ablution is valid only with pure unmixed earth carrying dust that clings to the hand; it is not valid with smooth stone, nor with sand that carries no dust.

Reference: Al-Umm — Minhāj al-Ṭālibīn — Al-Majmūʿ

Hanbali

It is a condition that the dry ablution be with pure earth carrying dust that clings to the hand — Sūrat al-Māʾidah, verse 6.

Reference: Al-Mughnī — Al-Kāfī — Kashshāf al-Qināʿ