The Obligatory Extent of Wiping the Head, and the Ruling on Wiping the Ears with It
What extent of the head must be wiped in the ablution, what is the ruling on wiping the ears, and are they part of it?
What is a farḍ is wiping a quarter of the head, and wiping the ears is an emphasised sunnah, done with the water of the head or with fresh water.
It is obligatory to cover the whole head in wiping, once, and wiping the ears is an emphasised sunnah with fresh water.
Wiping whatever the name applies to of the head suffices, even a single hair within its limits, and wiping the ears is an independent sunnah with fresh water.
It is obligatory to wipe the whole head together with the ears, since they are part of it, wiped with the water of the head or with fresh water; confining oneself to part of it does not suffice except for one with a valid excuse.